海洋铪同位素演化及其对大陆物源与洋流变化的启示     

胡镕  凌洪飞  陈天宇 《海洋学报》2012,34(3):61-71

尽管海洋铪(Hf)同位素早在20世纪80年代就有报道,但直到最近几年随着分析测试技术的发展,它作为示踪陆源风化输入和洋流循环改变的新指标才越来越受到关注。综述了全球大洋Hf同位素现代分布以及新生代演化特点,其中最重要的现象是Nd-Hf同位素投影图上海水与岩石具有不一致的趋势线。在这些观测资料的基础上着重讨论了围绕海洋Hf同位素物源争议的一系列问题,阐述了海洋热液系统、大陆差异风化、洋岛陆架沉积物溶解等对海洋Hf的贡献以及Hf,Nd存留时间不一致等对海洋Hf同位素的影响等。弄清Hf的海洋地球化学行为,对深入认识海洋Hf的循环以及古海洋演化具有着重要的意义。  相似文献   

Hydrochemical characteristics and solute dynamics of meltwater runoff of Urumqi Glacier No.1, eastern Tianshan, northwest China   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Fang Feng  Zhongqin Li  Shuang Jin  Zhiwen Dong  Feiteng Wang 《山地科学学报》2012,9(4):472-482

Hydrochemical characteristics and solute dynamics of bulk meltwater draining from Urumqi Glacier No.1 were investigated in years 2006 and 2007.The glacial meltwater was slightly alkaline with the mean pH of 7.64 and 7.61 in 2006 and 2007,respectively.In the meltwater,the dominant anions were the bicarbonate and sulphate,and the dominant cation was calcium.The concentration of major cations were varied as c(Ca2+) > c(Mg2+) > c(K+) > c(Na+),while the order for the cations was c(HCO3) > c(SO42) > c(NO3) > c(Cl).The total dissolved solids(TDS) in meltwater had inverse relationships with the diurnal discharge.The major ion composition of meltwater was mainly controlled by rock weathering as inferred from the Gibbs model.Furthermore,the ion ratios and Piper diagram indicated that the main processes controlling the meltwater chemistry were carbonate weathering,pyrite weathering and feldspar weathering in rocks,and Ca2+ and HCO3 were the dominant ions during the carbonate weathering process.Solute flux calculation at Glacier No.1 station suggested that chemical denudation rates were 11.46 and 13.90 ton.km 2.yr 1 in 2006 and 2007,respectively.  相似文献   

HPAM和疏水缔合聚合物溶液在孤东七区油藏中适应性评价   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

吴志伟  岳湘安  余跃  张立娟  魏浩光 《东北石油大学学报》2012,36(4):41-44,53,6

为了解决孤东七区油藏聚合物溶液流变性与注入性的矛盾,筛选适宜非均质强、储层结构疏松等油藏条件的聚合物,在不同长度岩心中开展聚合物溶液渗流实验.在同一岩心上分段测压,建立聚合物溶液注入性评价方法,对HPAM和疏水缔合聚合物的注入性进行评价;在不同长度岩心出口端取采出液,研究该聚合物溶液在近井和油藏深部阻力因数、残余阻力因数以及黏度分布特性.结果表明:注入HJ的压力梯度上升率为16.37MPa.m-1.PV-1,压力梯度稳定值为5.68MPa.m-1,压力梯度上升率和压力梯度稳定值小于相同质量浓度的DH5和B4的值;从提高波及效率的能力和聚合物溶液的流变性来看,疏水缔合聚合物DH5在油藏深部的阻力因数、残余阻力因数和黏度保留率分别为283.86、39.4和0.713,阻力因数、残余阻力因数远大于相同质量浓度的B4和HJ的值;综合注入性和流变性分布评价可知,1.8g.L-1的HJ好于相同质量浓度的DH5和B4的.  相似文献   

亚热带第四纪沉积型红土与风化壳型红土的磁学特征对比     

杨立辉  叶玮  郑祥民  周立旻  苏优 《地理科学》2015,35(11):1475-1481

对浙江新昌玄武岩、花岗岩风化壳红土和江西南昌第四纪沉积型红土剖面的磁学特征进行了分析,结果表明,同一气候区内风化壳红土的磁学特征受母质特征影响较大。随着风化强度的增加,强磁性的玄武岩风化壳磁化率先减小后增加,磁性矿物颗粒先变粗后变细,弱磁性的花岗岩风化壳磁化率逐渐增加,磁性矿物颗粒逐渐变细。第四纪沉积型红土剖面中,均质红土磁化率远大于网纹红土,磁性矿物颗粒亦较网纹红土层细。这些差别说明了第四纪沉积型红土剖面中均质红土与网纹红土不完全相同的物质来源。  相似文献   

Evidence for climatic and hillslope‐aspect controls on vadose zone hydrology and implications for saprolite weathering          下载免费PDF全文

Abigail L. Langston  Gregory E. Tucker  Robert S. Anderson  Suzanne P. Anderson 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2015,40(9):1254-1269

Through the delivery of water in snowmelt, climate should govern the rate and extent of saprolite formation in snow‐dominated mountain watersheds, yet the mechanisms by which water flows deeply into regolith are largely unexplored. In this study we link rainfall, snow depth, and water content data from both soil and shallow saprolite to document vadose zone dynamics in two montane catchments over 2 years. Measurements of snow pack thickness and soil moisture reveal strong contrasts between north‐ and south‐facing slopes in both the timing of meltwater delivery and the duration of significant soil wetting in the shallow vadose zone. Despite similar magnitudes of snowmelt recharge, north‐facing slopes have higher sustained soil moisture compared to south‐facing slopes. To help interpret these observations, we use a 2D numerical model of vadose zone dynamics to calculate the expected space–time moisture patterns on an idealized hillslope under two wetting scenarios: a single sustained recharge pulse versus a set of short pulses. The model predicts that the duration of the recharge event exerts a stronger control on the depth and residence time of water in the upper unsaturated zone than the magnitude of the recharge event. Model calculations also imply that water should move more slowly through the subsurface and downward water flux should be substantially reduced when water is applied in several pulses rather than in one sustained event. The results suggest that thicker soil and more deeply weathered rock on north‐facing slopes may reflect greater water supply to the deep subsurface. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Spatial variation in soil resistance to flowing water erosion along a regional transect in the Loess Plateau   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4       下载免费PDF全文

Ren Geng  Guang‐hui Zhang  Zhen‐Wei Li  Hao Wang 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2015,40(15):2049-2058

The factors influencing soil erosion may vary with scale. It remains unclear whether the spatial variation in soil erosion resistance is controlled by regional variables (e.g. precipitation, temperature, and vegetation zone) or by local specific variables (e.g. soil properties, root traits, land use, and farming operations) when the study area enlarges from a hillslope or catchment to the regional scale. This study was performed to quantify the spatial variations in soil erosion resistance to flowing water under three typical land uses along a regional transect on the Loess Plateau and to identify whether regional or local specific variables are responsible for these changes. The results indicated that the measured soil detachment capacities (D_c) of cropland exhibited an irregular trend along the regional transect. The D_c of grassland increased with mean annual precipitation, except for two sites (Yijun and Erdos). The measured D_c of woodland displayed an inverted ‘U’ shape. The changes in rill erodibility (K_r) of three land uses were similar to D_c, whereas no distinguishable trend was found for critical shear stress (τ_c). No significant correlation was detected between D_c, K_r and τ_c, and the regional variables. The spatial variation in soil erosion resistance could be explained reasonably by changes in soil properties, root traits, land use, and farming operations, rather than regional variables. The adjustment coefficient of K_r for grassland and woodland could be well simulated by soil cohesion and root mass density (R² = 0.70, P < 0.01), and the adjustment coefficient of critical shear stress could be estimated with aggregate stability (R² = 0.57, P < 0.01). The results are helpful for quantifying the spatial variation in soil detachment processes by overland flow and to develop process‐based erosion model at a regional scale. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

The possible role of magnetic measurements in the discrimination of Sahara/Sahel dust sources     

Richard Lyons  Frank Oldfield  Earle Williams 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2012,37(6):594-606

The mineral magnetic properties of deposited dusts collected along a broadly north‐to‐south transect across Niger have been investigated on both a bulk and particle size‐specific basis. Dusts display a general north‐to‐south gradient in fine‐grained ferrimagnetic mineral (magnetite/maghemite) concentrations, with samples south of the Sahara/Sahel transition (south of ~15·5^o N) generally containing greater concentrations than dusts from further north where the climate is much drier. This distinction is seen especially clearly in the clay (< 2 µm) fraction, which harbours the products of weathering and pedogenesis. This gradient in ferrimagnetic mineral concentrations broadly parallels that previously reported for surface soils/sands across a similar latitudinal range. We suggest that the regional distinction in both dust and surface soil/sand magnetic properties can be related to differences in weathering regime between the arid Saharan parts of the transect and the Sahel sites where higher rainfall has permitted stronger weathering and pedogenesis. Given that the weathering‐related magnetic signatures in the clays dominate the magnetic properties of the < 16 µm fractions in these samples, and that this particle size component is most likely to be involved in long‐range transport, magnetic measurements hold out the potential of discriminating Sahara and Sahel dusts deposited in remote areas. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

高温下钢及组合钢节点有限元建模及基于构件的分析方法（英文）     

TAN  Kang-hai 《地震学刊》2012,(3):253-266

欧洲规范EC3 Part 1-1第5章[1]允许工程师使用一些先进的有限元分析软件来分析和设计钢结构,如线弹性、刚塑性以及二阶弹塑性整体分析。这3种极不相同的分析方法,能够用于简支、半连续以及连续节点模型中[2]。节点模型根据刚度的不同,可分为铰接、半刚性和刚性模型;按照强度的不同,可分为铰接、部分强度和全强度模型。尽管大多数的工程问题仅仅要求进行线弹性分析,但仍有一些特殊结构可能要求采用高级分析以降低施工成本,例如底层无支撑钢框架结构。在这种结构中,采用半连续节点（具有半刚度和部分强度特性）进行框架分析,会显著增强结构抵抗名义水平荷载、风荷载、整体缺陷、地震作用时的抗侧刚度和强度,因此在控制的水平荷载下计算的横向侧移可能在EC3允许的范围内。在基于性能的抗火设计中,结构抗火工程师可能想利用钢节点潜在的刚度和强度,尤其是有端板节点的钢结构,这是一种最常见的钢结构施工形式。端板可以是部分深度的,或者是延伸端板,涵盖了名义铰接、半刚性和完全刚性节点模型。本文给出了端板节点高温性能研究的一系列数值分析结果;应用基于构件的方法,建立了这些节点在高温下的力学反应计算公式,以及梁腹板剪应力分量、连接处的拉应力和压应力区域的力学模型。基于构件的方法能够考虑钢节点的热约束效应。对已有钢端板节点试验进行了有限元模拟和基于构件的分析表明,2种方法的分析结果与试验结果的偏差都是可接受的,包括热约束效应。  相似文献   

火灾作用下预应力型钢混凝土简支梁承载性能试验研究     

傅传国  王玉镯  于德帅  韩建 《地震学刊》2012,(1):1-7

进行了两根足尺预应力型钢混凝土简支梁在火灾高温和竖向恒定加载耦合作用下的耐火性能试验,分析了试验梁的温度场分布规律、竖向变形特点和承载性能劣化过程。通过在试验梁端部预设压力传感器,实测了升温过程中梁端部预压力与升温时间的关系曲线。试验结果表明,预压力对火灾高温作用较为敏感,当标准升温100 min时预压力已降至初始预压力的一半,试验中一根梁出现了侧向弯曲变形。因此,对于预应力混凝土结构,火灾高温作用下应考虑构件可能的侧向变形影响。  相似文献   

高温后足尺有粘结预应力混凝土梁板力学性能研究     

郑文忠  闫凯  欧阳志为  王英 《地震学刊》2012,(1):8-17

针对足尺有粘结预应力混凝土梁板高温后的抗弯承栽力开展了非线性计算分析。结果表明,综合配筋指标、有效预应力对高温后极限弯矩与常温下极限弯矩比值M_u~A/M_u的影响不大,预应力度和预应力筋的保护层厚度对M_u~A/M_u影响显著。高宽比近似相同的有粘结预应力混凝土梁,当第一排钢筋的保护层厚度相同时,受火时间为3 h,高度为700 mm的梁高温后截面承栽力下降幅度最大约为30%,高度为4500 mm的梁高温后截面承栽力下降幅度不到10%,高温后大尺度梁的力学性能优于小尺度梁。给出了考虑预应力筋保护层厚度和预应力度影响的有粘结预应力混凝土板M_u~A/M_u的计算公式,以及综合考虑预应力筋、非预应力筋合力点到梁底距离和预应力筋梁侧保护层厚度影响的有粘结预应力混凝土梁M_u~A/M_u的计算公式。  相似文献